Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular disease encompasses conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and peripheral vascular disease. Common warning signs include chest tightness, unexplained fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and swelling in the lower extremities. Risk factors such as hypertension, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle accelerate arterial damage over time. Diagnosis typically involves electrocardiograms, echocardiography, stress testing, and cardiac imaging to assess structural and functional abnormalities. Treatment ranges from lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy to interventional procedures like angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery. Early recognition of symptoms and consistent medical follow-up remain critical to reducing morbidity and preventing fatal cardiac events.