Cortisol

Cortisol, the primary glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex, governs metabolism, immune modulation, and the physiological stress response. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may result in Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, or sustained cortisol elevation associated with weight gain, anxiety, and cardiovascular complications. Diagnostic evaluation relies on serum cortisol assays, 24-hour urinary free cortisol collection, and dexamethasone suppression protocols. Therapeutic interventions span pharmacological agents targeting steroidogenesis to structured lifestyle modifications that reduce chronic allostatic burden. Multidisciplinary care involving endocrinologists ensures individualized treatment plans aligned with each patient’s hormonal profile and underlying comorbidities.