Menopause

Menopause marks the permanent cessation of menstruation, confirmed after twelve consecutive months without a period, typically occurring between ages 45 and 55. Declining estrogen and progesterone levels during perimenopause trigger vasomotor symptoms including hot flashes, night sweats, and sleep disruption that significantly impair daily functioning. Hormone replacement therapy remains the most effective treatment for moderate-to-severe symptoms, while non-hormonal agents such as SSRIs and gabapentin serve as alternatives for women with contraindications. The postmenopausal period demands proactive monitoring for bone density loss, cardiovascular risk elevation, and urogenital atrophy. A comprehensive preventive plan incorporating calcium supplementation, weight-bearing exercise, and regular screening helps mitigate these long-term health concerns.