Nose & Throat

The nose and throat serve as the upper airway’s first line of defense, making them susceptible to infections, allergic reactions, and structural disorders. Conditions frequently covered here include sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and laryngopharyngeal reflux, each with specific diagnostic criteria and management protocols. Persistent congestion, recurrent sore throats, or hoarseness beyond two weeks warrant prompt otolaryngology evaluation to exclude serious underlying pathology. Management ranges from saline irrigation and intranasal corticosteroids to surgical procedures such as septoplasty or adenotonsillectomy for treatment-resistant cases. Identifying red-flag signs like unilateral nasal obstruction, progressive dysphagia, or cervical lymphadenopathy allows earlier detection of conditions including nasopharyngeal malignancy.