Evidence for brain training as a treatment for ADHD is limited, and only a handful of programs have received FDA clearance. Still, some studies indicate it may alleviate certain ADHD symptoms.
Brain training refers to the concept that repetitive, frequent exercises can reshape brain function. These approaches may use various tools, such as:
- mobile applications
- computerized programs
- physical rehabilitation
- occupational therapy
- neurofeedback
- cognitive tasks, like sudoku
These interventions aim to enhance:
- attention
- visual processing
- problem-solving
- focus
- impulse regulation
- decision-making
People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might see symptom improvement from brain training, but it’s usually most effective when combined with other treatments.
How does it work?
Research indicates the brain remains adaptable and that experiences can continue to rewire neural pathways across the lifespan — a property known as neuroplasticity.
“Brain training programs aim to leverage neuroplasticity,” says Cara Koscinski, an occupational therapy doctorate. “That means our brains can develop new connections over time.”
“Brain training is a nonmedicinal approach that uses digital tools to help people with ADHD boost executive functioning,” adds counselor Joshua McKivigan.
Executive functioning includes abilities such as:
- sustaining attention
- retaining information
- handling multiple tasks
- making choices
McKivigan notes that good brain-training approaches include baseline and follow-up testing to track progress.
“Data shows reductions in ADHD symptoms can occur with time,” McKivigan says. “However, I don’t view it as a replacement for consulting a psychiatrist, psychologist, or mental health clinician.”
What does the research say?
A 2019 trial with 172 children aged 6 to 12 suggested a brain–computer interface training program could lessen ADHD symptoms after at least 24 sessions. The investigators proposed this approach could be a useful adjunct to treatment.
A 2020 paper found that computerized training showed potential for strengthening inhibitory control (IC) — the capacity to restrain impulses — in children.
Although it did not influence hyperactivity or teacher-rated symptoms, the authors suggested that focusing on IC might help reduce inattentive aspects of ADHD.
Another small 2020 study of 32 male students reported that combining neurofeedback with game-based cognitive training improved most symptoms except deficits in attention and auditory response control.
ADHD brain exercises
The most beneficial brain exercises for ADHD tend to be those delivered by trained clinicians.
Examples include:
- eye movement exercises
- interactive metronome (IM) drills
- neurofeedback sessions
Koscinski uses interactive metronome techniques in occupational therapy. These exercises might enhance visual attention.
“Interactive metronome blends physical activity with timing. Many clinicians report strong success using it to improve functional outcomes,” she says.
Brain training programs for ADHD
While some programs report positive outcomes, none listed below are FDA-approved for treating ADHD except where noted, and research support varies.
Many of these require substantial time and financial investment. Consult a healthcare professional before starting any new regimen.
Brain Balance
Offering services for both children and adults, Brain Balance combines dietary guidance with daily one-hour cognitive activities to help participants address behavioral concerns.
The program is available in person and virtually.
A 2020 review of parent reports indicated 75% of children improved up to 25%, while 25% of children showed 60% to 85.7% gains after five to six months in Brain Balance.
Reported improvements included:
- panic or anxiety episodes
- excessive worrying
- depressive-like signs
- mood stability
- obsessive thoughts or actions
- social withdrawal
- pessimistic outlook
- emotional regulation
- awareness of emotions
- emotional expression
Note that the lead author of the primary study was employed by Brain Balance Achievement Centers when the paper was published, and the data originated from the centers rather than an independent research body.
BrainTrain
BrainTrain creates cognitive training software used by clinicians and educators for both children and adults.
A 2018 study found BrainTrain users improved on task-specific skills, though the authors raised questions about long-term generalization of those skills and the overall study quality.
Brain training tech for ADHD
Many brain-training concepts have been packaged into apps and computer programs that run on tablets and smartphones. Some require additional hardware; others only need a phone.
Although most lack robust clinical proof for ADHD, they may still provide benefits.
Play Attention
Play Attention is a computer-based system paired with an armband that measures attentiveness to help improve focus.
Instead of using a controller, users progress in the game by maintaining attention. The product is aimed at older children and adults.
Koscinski incorporates this program in her practice.
Mightier
Mightier is an app that uses heart-rate biofeedback games to help children manage intense emotions.
According to the company’s overview, kids using Mightier with therapy experienced notable reductions in symptoms versus controls, though the underlying studies are not all listed. The reported benefits included:
- reduced aggression
- fewer oppositional behaviors
- lower parental stress
Further trials are ongoing.
EndeavorRx
EndeavorRx is an FDA-cleared game-based digital therapeutic aimed at helping children ages 8 to 12 improve attention-related skills through interactive gameplay.
A 2021 analysis expressed overall skepticism for this treatment approach, noting that many psychosocial and pharmacological options have far stronger evidence than commercially available cognitive training tools.
Nevertheless, the app is classified as a medical device and can be prescribed by a clinician.
Brain training apps for ADHD
Apps may offer limited benefit for targeted brain training, but trying them as a supplement to a broader treatment plan is unlikely to be harmful.
There are numerous apps designed to help people with ADHD (and anyone) stay organized, productive, and focused.
Some brain-training apps include:
Koscinski reports using Visual Attention Therapy and Memory Games in her clinical work.
A note on the effectiveness of brain training
It’s crucial to recognize that evidence about brain training’s impact on ADHD is still developing.
“The research is emerging on long-term cognitive gains, and — critically — on whether skills learned in these programs transfer to everyday life,” Koscinski says.
She warns that each app should present supportive evidence for its claims, and that brain training may not suit every person with ADHD.
“I haven’t seen any intervention that helps everyone,” McKivigan says. “If it doesn’t work for some, that doesn’t mean it’s ineffective overall — just that it isn’t universally effective.”
Takeaway
Research into brain training remains in its early stages, and results so far about reducing ADHD symptoms are mixed.
These programs aren’t universally effective. Try different approaches and consult your healthcare team to discover what works best for you.
Also remember these tools aren’t substitutes for treatments prescribed by your clinician. Always check with a doctor or specialist before adding any new program alongside behavioral therapies or medications.
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